UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OSTEOARTHRITIS

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the progressive breakdown of articular cartilage, synovial inflammation, and changes in subchondral bone. It is the most common form of arthritis and a leading cause of disability, particularly in the elderly. The pathophysiology of OA involves a complex interplay of mechanical, biochemical, and genetic factors that lead to joint degeneration. This article explores the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying OA, focusing on cartilage degradation, inflammation, subchondral bone remodeling, and the involvement of synovial fluid. The roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and chondrocyte dysfunction are discussed in detail. Additionally, emerging therapeutic approaches targeting the molecular pathways involved in OA progression are reviewed, alongside challenges in disease management. Understanding the pathophysiology of OA is essential for developing more effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.